Biomarcadores para diagnóstico e prognóstico de Alzheimer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36414/rbmc.v12i26.211Palavras-chave:
Biomarcadores, Alzheimer, PrognósticoResumo
A Doença de Alzheimer (DA) é a principal causa de demência no mundo, caracterizada por processos neurodegenerativos progressivos que comprometem cognição, comportamento e funcionalidade. O diagnóstico precoce permanece desafiador, pois os métodos tradicionais, como análise de líquido cefalorraquidiano e exames de imagem, embora considerados referência, são invasivos, caros e pouco acessíveis em larga escala. Nesse contexto, os biomarcadores periféricos emergem como alternativas promissoras por aliarem menor invasividade, maior viabilidade clínica e potencial para refletir alterações neuropatológicas precoces. O presente estudo objetivou realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre os principais biomarcadores aplicados ao diagnóstico e prognóstico do Alzheimer, incluindo também estudos que avaliem intervenções, como o uso de probióticos, desde que estejam diretamente relacionados à modulação de biomarcadores associados à fisiopatologia, progressão ou detecção precoce da doença. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura com base no modelo PRISMA, com seleção de estudos nas bases de dados Portal de Periódicos da PubMed/Medline, Scielo e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, empregando os descritores: Alzheimer, biomarcadores, probióticos, em português e inglês, no período de 2019 a 2024. Esta revisão evidencia que os biomarcadores representam ferramentas fundamentais para o diagnóstico precoce e o prognóstico da DA. Enquanto os exames do líquor e de imagem permanecem como padrão, avanços em marcadores periféricos, como p-tau, NfL, GFAP e citocinas inflamatórias, ampliam as possibilidades de aplicação clínica por serem menos invasivos e mais acessíveis. Além disso, estratégias como a suplementação com probióticos e kefir mostram potencial em modular processos relacionados à neuroinflamação e ao estresse oxidativo, sugerindo caminhos promissores para futuras intervenções terapêuticas. A integração entre biomarcadores clássicos, periféricos e inovadores, aponta para um modelo de medicina personalizada e preventiva, essencial para o enfrentamento da DA.
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